Causes of Anxiety Disorders and the Best Treatment Methods - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2015 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/04/01 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Anxiety Essay Did you like this example? Abstract With 20% of Americas population suffering from one anxiety disorder or another each year, these ailments need to be addressed and treated as effectively as possible. Anxiety causes a significant increase in a persons risks for other health issues including substance abuse, heart disease, and more (News in Health, 2016). With such dire statistics, it is immensely important that we take anxiety disorders seriously and utilize the best treatment methods at our disposal whether developed from the cognitive or behavioral perspective. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Causes of Anxiety Disorders and the Best Treatment Methods" essay for you Create order This paper will analyze why these theoretical perspectives are most relevant to anxiety disorders, which has resulted in the most effective treatment methods, and what could lead to the development of such disorders in the first place. According to News in Health (2016), anxiety disorders plague 1 in every 5 people in the United states each year, which is approximately 20% of our population. Such disorders can be incredibly crippling to those who struggle with them and include feelings of uncertainty and apprehension, both of which are severe enough to interfere with day-to-day life. As if thats not enough, anxiety disorders also increase the risk for a multitude of other medical conditions, including but not limited to: heart disease, depression, diabetes, and substance abuse (News in Health, 2016). generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) has been a huge part of my life since I was about 10 years old, and I feel that it is important to understand what causes it and what the best treatment methods are, especially within the cognitive and behavioral theories. Relevant Theoretical Perspectives Spielman (2017) says the cognitive theory assumes that our thought processes affect the way in which we behave (p. 631). More specifically, it ascertains that anxiety disorders especially panic disorder are acquired through cognitive misinterpretations of anxiety and other symptoms (Spielman, 2017, p. 641). To exemplify the cognitive theory, lets take a look at how it would explain the symptoms of social anxiety. Persons who suffer with this disorder will frequently underestimate how well they can manage social situations, overestimate how vulnerable they are to the threat at hand, consistently expect negative results from social interactions, and thus overestimate how severe the consequences of such outcomes will be. Additionally, the anxious party will typically focus more on the ways in which the other party could be judging them instead of how the interaction is actually unfolding, thus causing them to make their best effort to avoid interacting with others altogether. (Andrew Ku kes Foundation for Social Anxiety [AKFSA], 2018). The facts displayed in this scenario are excellent examples of how our thought processes and emotions, or cognitions, blow things out of proportion and cause unhealthy levels of anxiety in our brains. Spielman says that the behavioral theory, on the other hand, employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors (p. 631). There are a number of learning mechanisms that can lead to various anxiety disorders especially a plenitude of phobias such as classical and operant conditioning (Spielman, 2017, p. 641). An example of classical conditioning in the behavioral theory would be the Little Albert experiment in the 1920s, when John B. Watson exposed a baby to a white rat. The child was not immediately afraid of the rat, but eventually Watson would make a loud noise with a metal bar behind the child. Seeing the rat while hearing the loud noise conditioned the baby to fear the rat as well. Operant conditioning is when a certain behavior is encouraged or discouraged with either rewards or punishments (Jacofsky et al., 2018). Potential Answers One of the most common treatment methods for anxiety disorders is cognitive-behavioral therapy, otherwise known as CBT. The reason for its popularity lies in how effective it is in alleviating the symptoms of anxiety. CBT has two primary elements regardless of which variation is utilized: helping people assess and alter their antagonistic outlooks on life or specific situations and encouraging them to put themselves in situations that they would typically go out of their way to avoid (Jacofsky et al., 2018). This type of therapy is especially helpful when it comes to social anxiety, according to research done over the years, although other treatment methods have also proven to be effective. Cognitive theory believes that counterproductive thoughts often lead to intense, irrational emotions and maladaptive behaviors (Jacofsky et al., 2018). Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck developed two very similar approaches to cognitive therapy; Ellis is known as Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT ). His theory was that negative emotions were a result of irrational core beliefs, which is essentially how people feel about the world and themselves at the most simplified level (Jacofsky et al., 2018). Ellis identified what he found to be the three most typical irrational, core beliefs: 1) I must do well and win the approval of others or else I am no good. 2) Everybody should treat me kindly. (3) Life must be fair. He constructed REBT to use a methodical and candid procedure which allows patients to acknowledge, defy, and swap out the original core beliefs, which are irrational, for ones that are more realistic (Jacofsky et al., 2018). While both Ellis and Beck aim to change the way an individual thinks so that they can breed a more positive behavior and overall healthier mental state, Beck focuses more on our core schema, or a central assumption about oneself, others, and the world (Jacofsky et al., 2018). Similarities between Beck and Ellis theories are clear to see, especially after knowing Becks three primary core schemas: 1) The world is a dangerous place. 2) I am unlovable. 3) I am inadequate. Cognitive theory has formed the principle that behavioral change will inherently follow the modification of core beliefs and internal distortions (Jacofsky et al., 2018). From a behavioral perspective, people like B.F. Skinner would encourage methods such as operant conditioning. In his studies, Skinner found that behaviors can be learned and even reversed by controlling the reinforcements and punishments produced in the environment. Such reinforcements, or rewards, can enable anxiety disorders to continue. For example, avoidance and escape (two types of coping techniques for anxiety disorders) can provide the reward of alleviating anxious tension and thoughts, or even preventing it altogether, which allow the anxiety disorder to persist as a result of the positive feelings that often result from such actions (Jacofsky et al., 2018). The behavioral perspective has contrived three common treatments for anxiety disorders: exposure therapy, systemic desensitization, and response prevention. Exposure therapy encourages the patient to have contact with the feared stimulus, either imaginative or in real life. Over time, the person should become desensitized to the stimulus that they once feared so deeply once they manage to separate the neutral stimulus from the fear-inducing stimulus (Jacofsky et al., 2018). Systematic desensitization is another form of exposure therapy which is often much simpler to convince anxiety sufferers to agree to. After being taught relaxation techniques, the affected party would be gradually exposed to whatever it is they are afraid of so as not to overwhelm them. Systemic desensitization allows for the patient to be exposed to their fear in increasingly intense situations until habituation occurs, during which their sensory and behavioral responses to the stimulus dissipate (Jacofsky et al ., 2018). In response prevention, the individual would simply need to abandon coping methods like avoidance and escape (Jacofsky et al., 2018). Where I Stand After considering all this information, it is my belief that the cognitive theory is superior to the behavioral perspective, although they are relatively similar. Behaviorism seems to discredit the significance of internal criteria, i.e. our personal beliefs, thoughts, perceptions, and more, simply because such cognitions are not necessarily observable or measurable (Jacofsky et al., 2018). As someone who struggles with generalized anxiety disorder, cognitive methods of therapy appear to be preferable to those of behaviorism because they aim to confront the reasoning behind my emotions directly instead of forcing me into uncomfortable situations before I truly understand my anxieties enough to face them. I feel that the behavioral theory and its treatment methods can also lead us to view humans as machines that can be manipulated and altered. If everyone used these methods for treatment, it would reduce the dignity of human beings as a whole. Cognitive treatment methods promote a hea lthy mind and understanding of why people with anxiety view situations in the ways that they do. People who are utilizing behavioral theory treatments should be mindful of how their treatments affect them and why the affect them in that way, even if it is helpful in the moment. Ethical Considerations James Madison University (JMU) has presented 8 key ethical questions used to evaluate fairness, outcomes, responsibility, character, liberty, empathy, authority, and rights. The questions of fairness, outcomes, and character are the most easily related to the matter of anxiety. To inquire about the fairness of an action, JMU asks, How can I act equitably and balance legitimate interests? In regard to anxiety disorders, one could ask, What needs to be done if I treat people poorly as a result of my anxiety? and How understanding do others need to be of my disorder? In my personal experiences, I know that I have often treated others unfairly as a result of my frustrations with the constant nerves and emotional exhaustion that goes hand-in-hand with it. Others should absolutely be tolerant and understanding of those with anxiety disorders, but it will eventually reach a point where help needs to be sought out in one way or another, for the benefit of the sufferer as well as those around them. JMUs second key ethical question addresses outcomes: What achieves the best short and long-term outcomes for me and all others? We could use this to elaborate on the previous question and wonder what would happen if someone did get treated for their disorder, as well as how the treatment or lack thereof would impact those around them. In my case, not seeking out medical treatment for my anxiety would have resulted in me continuing to lash out at people when they havent done anything wrong. As a result of treatment, instances such as those are much less frequent, and I experience significantly less tension. Finally, JMU asks, What action best reflects who I am and the person I want to become? As may be evident by now, each question stems off of the last. This question mostly addresses the inquisition of which methods would be most helpful to overcoming anxiety. As previously stated, I think that using cognitive therapy methods to approach anxiety disorders would be the most effective way to treat the symptoms. Conclusion Anxiety disorders can occur for an abundance of reasons, from unintentional conditioning to genetic components in how our cognitions perceive situations. While there is no single best way to treat anxiety disorders, it seems to me that the cognitive perspective has produced the most effective methods over the years, without discrediting the importance of our internal differentia as the behavioral perspective tends to do. The most ethical thing for someone suffering with anxiety to do is seek out treatment; in the long run, it will not only benefit them, but it will also benefit the company that they keep by improving their social relationships. References Andrew Kukes Foundation for Social Anxiety. (2018). The cognitive theory of social anxiety. Retrieved December 1, 2018, from https://akfsa.org/research/the-cognitive-theory-of-social-anxiety/ Jacofsky, M.D., Santos M.T., Khemlani-Patel, S., Neziroglu, F. (2018). Behavioral learning theory and associated therapies. Retrieved November 20, 2018, from https://www.gracepointwellness.org/1-anxiety-disorders/article/38492-behavioral-learning-theory-and-associated-therapies Jacofsky, M.D., Santos M.T., Khemlani-Patel, S., Neziroglu, F. (2018). Cognitive theory and associated therapies. Retrieved November 20, 2018, from https://www.gracepointwellness.org/1-anxiety-disorders/article/38497-cognitive-theory-and-associated-therapies Jacofsky, M.D., Santos M.T., Khemlani-Patel, S., Neziroglu, F. (2018). Operant conditioning. Retrieved November 20, 2018 from https://www.gracepointwellness.org/1-anxiety-disorders/article/38493-operant-conditioning Jacofsky, M.D., Santos M.T., Khemlani-Patel, S., Neziroglu, F. (2018). Operant conditioning and avoidance learning. Retrieved November 20, 2018 from https://www.gracepointwellness.org/1-anxiety-disorders/article/38494-operant-conditioning-and-avoidance-learning Jacofsky, M.D., Santos M.T., Khemlani-Patel, S., Neziroglu, F. (2018). Behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders. Retrieved November 20, 2018 from https://www.gracepointwellness.org/1-anxiety-disorders/article/38496-behavioral-therapies-for-anxiety-disorders News in Health. (2016). Understanding anxiety disorders. Retrieved December 1, 2018, from https://newsinhealth.nih.gov/2016/03/understanding-anxiety-disorders Spielman, Rose M. (2017). Psychology. Houston, TX: OpenStax.

Karl Barths Relational View of Imago Dei Essay - 1880 Words

â€Å"26 Then God said, ‘Let us make mankind in our image, in our likeness...27 So God created mankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them; male and female he created them.’† Genesis 1:26a, 1:27 The stories which humans tell about their origins are always cherished and held in high regard. In fact, no culture has existed which has not created or attempted to create some story of origins. Every culture has had some means in which to say this is where we came from. Especially in cultures where religion found itself prevalent, the mythology of origins became not only a status or anthropology but also a theology. In which case, we find that Christianity is not alone in this struggle, though our struggle may be unique in kind.†¦show more content†¦We exercise our freedom not in complete isolation but in continuous interaction with others.† But this sort of identity is not individualistic in nature rather it exists in both equal and mut ual forms between the two sexes of humanity. Barth here chooses to use the language of relationship rather than that of the material. For humans do not own this imago rather they reflect it and instead of the image of God being physically present within. â€Å"For it is not God in us but rather we are in relation to God through imago dei.† We tend elude the discussion of imago dei in the material language, and instead lean towards this discussion with relational language, is for several different reasons. The first being that material terms has unfortunate negative connotations, especially within our own society. â€Å"Men and women are seeking, inquiring, expectant beings.† Humans have a sense of infinite within them, whether they wish to acknowledge it or not. An interesting paradox which has shown up within human behavior is the fact that the more materialistic humans become the less satisfied they truly are. A great example from the history of the church would be Augustine’s famous prayer, â€Å"You have made us toward yourself, and our hearts are restless until they rest in you,† which exemplifies the point. This restless is no better than a parasite which eats its carrier alive from the inside out. â€Å"Humans are radically temporal beings,†Show MoreRelatedWord Of God As Written, Incarnate, And Proclaimed1218 Words   |  5 Pagessimply a collection of personal religious intentions, expressions, and understandings. Barth does not view the written Word as religious views, but as an objective event where Christ is the subject of the revelation. â€Å"Scripture is Holy and the Word of God as by the Holy Spirit it became and will become to the church the witness of God’s revelation.† Barth 2. The Word Proclaimed: The Barthian view of the Word of God proclaimed says that: â€Å"We are unprofitable servants, and in no sense are we to imagineRead MoreImage of God in Man Research Paper4644 Words   |  19 PagesGod in man is a doctrine that is fundamental to understanding the soteriological implications of humanity, which is best understood through the examination of Christ’s humanity with regards to various views held. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 1 THE IMAGE ITSELF 1 MAJOR VIEWS TO THE IMAGE OF GOD IN MAN 3 IMPLICATIONS TO THE IMAGE OF GOD IN MAN 5 THE HUMANITY OF CHRIST 8 CHRIST AS THE IMAGE OF GOD 12 CONCLUSION 13 BIBLIOGRAPHY †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

The Internal Action Of Hamlet Essay Research free essay sample

The Internal Action Of Hamlet Essay, Research Paper The Internal Action of Hamlet Many people have emotional ups and downs, it is human nature, everybody has to travel through a clip of depression and felicity at one point or another. In this drama, Hamlet is traveling through a clip of depression. Many people can associate to Hamlet because everybody has struggles. In this drama Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, much of the action is internal. The struggle in this drama is fought inside of a immature prince named Hamlet. He finds out that his male parent was murdered and he has to make up ones mind within himself whether or non to seek retaliation. Hamlet is ever seting himself down for non taking action before. Many times Hamlet comes out with a monologue that puts himself down. Hamlet has many problems, because he has thought of perpetrating self-destruction. It shows in the drama that many things are trouble oneselfing him, because of his fickle behavior. Many times in this drama, Hamlet portrays his battle internally, that prevents him from moving on his undertakings. Hamlet is fighting inside of himself whether the shade was a good spirit or evil one. Hamlet arguments within himself whether or non to kill Claudius and seek retaliation. Because of his uncertainness Hamlet had the participants put on a drama to catch Claudius reaction. Example of this is when Hamlet says Hamlet: The drama s the thing/Wherein I ll catch the scruples of the King. [ Act II, Scene two, line 616-617 ] Hamlet saw a good chance to run Claudius through when he was squealing his wickednesss. Hamlet decides non to because Claudius was atoning. If he killed him Hamlet would direct him to heaven and would non be damned like Hamlet s male parent. That is another internal battle to detain killing Claudius. Hamlet has thought everything through before he acts. Hamlet makes certain that the things he does will non neglect and that he has to make it compensate the first clip through. Hamlet struggles with the thought of taking his ain life. It is because there are so many things trouble oneselfing Hamlet. Hamlet has to seek retaliation for his dead male parent, but Hamlet has to believe and see every factor before he follows through, because of this defect he puts himself down for non killing Claudius before. Hamlet compares himself to the immature Fortinbras. He says, how come Fortinbras can take an ground forces in to Poland to recover land and he can non kill his stepfather. Both immature princes don Ts have a male parent, how come Fortinbras knows what he wants to make and Hamlet does non. An illustration of Hamlet thought of self-destruction is his monologue. Hamlet: To be, or non to be: that is the inquiry Whether Ti nobler in the head to endure The slings and pointers of hideous luck, Or to take weaponries against a sea of problems, And by opposing stop them. To decease, to sleep- No more-and by a slumber to state we end The grief, and the thousand natural dazes That flesh is heir to! tis a consummation Devoutly to be wished. To d Internet Explorer, to sleep- To sleep-perchance to dream: ay, there s the hang-up For in that slumber of decease what dreams may come When we have shuffled off this moral spiral, Must give us pause. There s the regard That makes catastrophe of so long life: [ Act III, Scene I, lines 55-69 ] Hamlet has many things on his head. Suicide is one of them. Hamlet sees that Fortinbras has so much aspiration. Hamlet is still fighting on what to make. He feels like he is worthless because he can t follow a undertaking that his male parent wants him to make. Hamlet struggles to maintain saneness throughout the drama. After talking to the shade on the platform Hamlet s behaviour changed. Hamlet s behaviour scared Ophelia when Hamlet went to see her. Hamlet struggles with all of the new that is given to him He was upset when his male parent died. A month subsequently his female parent gets married to his uncle. Hamlet considers this incestuous and unfaithful to his dead male parent. The shade than appears to Hamlet to state him that his male parent was killed by Claudius, because of all these desolations Hamlet s emotions inside of him are excessively much. Hamlet had feelings for Ophelia, but because of all Hamlet s jobs he was truly average to Ophelia, he besides said some hurtful things. Example of this is: Hamlet: Get thee to a nunnery. Why wouldst 1000 be A breeder of evildoers? I am myself apathetic honest, But yet I could impeach me of such things that it were Better my female parent had non borne me: I am really Proud, revengeful, ambitious, with more discourtesies at My beck than I have ideas to set them in, Imagination to give them form, or clip to move them In. What should such chaps as I do creeping be- tween Earth and heaven? We are complete rogues all ; believe none of us. Travel thy ways to a nunnery Where s your male parent? [ Act III, Scene I, ( lines 121-131 ) Hamlet besides makes some awful remarks to adult females in general. His female parent get marrieding Claudius is truly bothering Hamlet. Hamlet is non merely mad at his female parent. Hamlet is huffy at all adult females. Hamlet s behaviour is fickle, Hamlet vents out all his emotions to his female parent in her room. Hamlet was so unstable that his female parent was scared and yelled for aid. Polonius was in the room besides. He decides to assist by shouting it besides. Hamlet s behaviour leads him into killing an guiltless adult male. The ageless struggled of Hamlet diverts him from his way. Hamlet s struggle brought down many guilty and guiltless people. Hamlet made Ophelia disturbance and made her commit self-destruction. Hamlet was non able to command his emotions doing him to blow up on Ophelia. Many people struggle with depression, but thanks to science more and more people can be cured of depression. Some emotions should neer be bottled up inside a individual. It causes people to let go of it in really hurtful ways. Hamlet wasn T able to cover with his emotions and there forward guiltless people died. 342

A Marketing Plan

Question: Write an essay onA marketing plan. Answer: Introduction: A marketing plan represents a comprehensive blueprint that outlines the process by which an organization promotes and advertises a particular products and services for the future years. It elaborates business activities involved in fulfilling particular marketing objectives within given timeframe. A marketing plan also comprises a description of current marketing position of an organization. Identification of marketing plan depends heavily on the organizational goals and objectives. An appropriate marketing plan considers historical information, strategies and methods for achieving organizational goals and future predictions. However, marketing a museum for enhancing the popularity is somewhat different from the conventional marketing plan. Since, museum comprises with several historical products that have to take care in an appropriate manner. In this report, the focus will be on the marketing plan of Victoria and Albert Museum. The focus museum is one of the most popular museums in UK that induces fare number of visitors from all across the world (Victoria and Albert Museum 2016). The report will contain in-depth analysis of the internal and external factors of the market in order to identify the best possible marketing plan for the museum. External analysis of Victoria and Albert Museum: PESTEL analysis: Political factor Change in the government rules and regulation has induces Victoria and Albert Museum to changes several rules and regulation of the museum. For instance, government regulatory has made free entry for the public that affected the collection level of the museum (Zaniol 2016). Government has also reduces the total amount of funding for the maintenance of the museum that also reduces the amount of money invested in the promotional campaign (Farrelly and Weddell 2016). Spending assessment and imposing boundaries on the spending on the local communities also have affected the businesses of the museum. Economical factor High inflation rate in UK has affected the spending pattern of the people (McNeil 2014). On the other hand, GDP of the country has increases very marginally. Presently, UK is experiencing fluctuation in the economic cycle. Therefore, it creating difficulties for the museum managers to handle finances for the future projects accurately. Individual funding and private sector investment for the museum is on the decrease (Hughes 2014). As a result, museum is facing challenges lot of difficulties to utilize effective promotional campaign. Social factor Museum has to preserve its valuable items for the future enhancement of the popularity. People tastes and choices are continuously changing. Therefore, it is creating challenges for the museum in order to maintain the popularity level among the people. Tourism is a huge business that provides lot of opportunities for museum to harness the popularity. However, museum has to face challenges from the amusement parks and other popular places. Technological factor Utilization of the innovative technology has created huge amount of challenges for the museum. Since, they have to focus more on the social media marketing, website marketing for enhancing the popularity of the museum. It provides opportunities for the museum to get close to many potential visitors. Furthermore, software like USI and business management software, Siruisware sales point software helps VA museum to enhance administrative functions like online booking, even planning etc (Sheridan 2014). Environmental factor VA museum is facing challenges in maintaining proper and clean atmosphere at the museum due to the huge number of visitors (Hogg, Liao and O'Gorman 2014). In order to maintain proper environment at the museum, management have to implement effective waste management so that it cannot able to create negative impact. Legal factor VA museum is facing difficulties in handling the changes in rules and regulation imposing by the government. Changes in legislation rules and regulation have also increases the uncertainty for the managers in developing marketing plan for the museum. Table 1: PESTEL analysis (Source: Thompson 2015) Porter five-force analysis: Rivalry among existing competitors: Rivalry among the existing competitors plays a key role in developing popularity of a particular tourist spot. Now, VA is situated in the heart of London. As a result, it has to face huge amount of competition from different other tourist attractions like Science museum, Serpentine Gallery, National History Museum, Saatchi Gallery, etc. All this spot also creating challenges for the museum to remain popular and attract more tourist to visit the place. Threat of new entrants: Museum represents a strong brand that requires huge amount of investment. It is also very labour intensive. On the other hand, VA is known as the most decorative art and design museum. Furthermore, government also put lot rules and regulations regarding the copyrights and taxes that limit the possibility of new entry in the market. Threat of substitutes: Every museum has to face the threat of getting substitute, which eventually reduce the popularity level in the market. Furthermore, UK has almost 2500 museums as well as other art galleries (Wanhill 2013). Therefore, museum has to face the threat of losing popularity due to the emergence of substitute attractions. Bargaining power of customers: VA museum is one of the most popular places in London that attracts tourist from all part of the world. Therefore, bargaining power of customers remains very low. Furthermore, tourists come to visit the place as a group that reduces the power of individual bargaining. However, government no entrance fee policy has reduces the possibility of bargaining. Bargaining power of suppliers: Museum has to face huge amount of competition to maintain its popularity in the market. However, museums generally struggle to have proper grants and fund to increase the popularity. Now, suppliers are very for the museums. Therefore, they possess high level of bargaining power. Internal analysis of Victoria and Albert museum: 7C analysis: Credibility: VA museum is the most popular art and design museum in UK. As a result, VA museum possess high level of credibility. Furthermore, utilization of the online sources has increases the knowledge of the potential visitors of the museum. It definitely creates positive impact on the business perspectives of the museum. Cost effective: VA museum always focuses on the convenience of the visitors so that they can have the best possible experience at the time of visiting. Therefore, VA museum always focuses on the cost effective pricing structure in order to improve the level f popularity of the museum (Russo 2012). Therefore, promotional campaign of VA museum always focuses on the low cost strategy as well. Customers: As the most decorated art and design museum in UK, VA museum aims to grab the attention of the customers from all across the world. Therefore, promotional campaigns of VA museum do not focus on a particular geographical area. However, museum does utilize direct promotional campaigns so that the popularity level of the domestic customers can be increased. Connections: As per the article by Christensen (2015), retaining the visitors is probably the most important factor that can have huge amount of impact on the popularity level. Thus, VA museum ensures that all the visitors can able to have the best possible atmosphere so that they come back to visit the museum in future as well. VA utilize social and online media for providing information of special functions so that the customers can be influenced to visit the museum for many times. Close: In the present competitive situation, it is important to fulfil all the requirements of each and every individuals. For that reason, many tourists spots have special support team that provide personal guidance that eventually help to get closed with the customers. However, VA museum does not focus too much on a particular individual, as it might reduce the focus of overall objective of the marketing plan. Customer service: Customer service is another important factor that every firm has to consider in order to increase its popularity in the market. VA museum also focuses on this perspective through several techniques so that the visitors can feel satisfied. VA utilize F.A.Q section in the website so that visitors can post any complaints regarding the museum (Camarero, Garrido and San Jos 2016). Furthermore, VA museum also use social media to solve any query of the customers. Cash: One of the major perspectives of VA museum for implementing marketing plan is increase the revenue level. Thus, VA museum focuses on to increase the level of funding provided by the government and private sector. The museum also focuses on to set the pricing structure of different events in such a way so that it can create positive impact on the present level of revenue for the museum. Objectives for Victoria and Albert Museum: The marketing objective of Victoria and Albert Museum are as follows: Specific To enhance brand value and reputation of the museum by providing superior quality of services Measurable To increase the number of visitors by up to 10% this year Attainable To induce more people to visit the museum so that it can increase the collection level of the museum Relevant To boost the financial condition of the Victoria and Albert Museum, as the museum is facing challenges regarding the short of investment from both government and private sector Time based To achieve continues growth in popularity for the time period of 5 years Table 2: SMART objectives of VA museum STP analysis for Victoria and Albert Museum: Segmentation: As mentioned by Shannon (2016) organizations have to understand every aspect of the mark in order to segment it affectively. Marketing plan of VA museum is focusing on the global market. It has to identify the best attraction for the foreign visitors so that they can highlight them on the website and social media platform in order to induce foreign people to visit the museum. However, VA museum also have to utilize demographic, psychographic and behavioural segmentation technique to enhance the effectiveness (Wan 2015). In case of demographic segmentation, management of VA museum has to consider factors like age, gender, education and income level. The marketing plan of VA museum focuses on the age group of 10-35 years in order to fulfil its marketing objectives (James 2013). In case of psychographic segment, marketing plan of VA museum will have to focus on the factors like social class, lifestyle and personality. As per the article by vom Lehn and Heath (2016), psychographic segmen tation is very important for the organization to identify potential customers from the market. As per the article by Black (2015), analyzing behaviour segmentation is crucial as it allows organizations to enhance the loyalty of the customers. Targeting: According to Grincheva (2015), targeting is nothing but the follow on process of segmentation. In this portion, organizations select a particular portion of the market in order to fulfilling the objective of the marketing plan. In case of VA museum, targeting will have to be primarily on the younger generation of the economy. Furthermore, prime focus of the marketing plan of VA museum will have to be on domestic people (Bryan 2016). Since, majority of the earning will come from these people. However, VA museum also have to induce people from another country to visit the place. Therefore, marketing plan of VA museum will have to implement two separate techniques. Positioning: As mentioned by Wickham, Lehman and French (2015) positioning indicates the final strep of STP analysis that focuses on the way by which customers will eventually view the products or services. VA will have to be extremely conscious about quality of the services provided to the visitors, as it will create direct impact on the brand development process of the museum. The management of the VA museum will have to ensure that the atmosphere of the museum is remain in such a condition so that it can allow visitors to enjoy them to the fullest. The VA museum are focusing on the quality of services to create a specific position for itself in the market. Marketing mix for Victoria and Albert Museum: Product: Victoria and Albert museum has several types of products that can attract people from all across the world to visit the museum. The product collection of VA museum includes educational resources for schools, colleges and universities, products for family activities, temporary exhibitions and special events, etc. Thus, management of VA museum has several products in order to enhance the popularity of the museum. Thus, management of VA museum has to utilize marketing departments, social media and press to develop effective marketing technique for the museum so that people from all across the world get influenced to visit the museum. Price: As per the article by Hooper-Greenhill (2013) price play a key role in developing effective marketing technique. Therefore, management of VA museum will have to utilize pricing structure in such a way so that majority of the people can able to visit the museum without facing any financial troubles. Therefore, marketing plan of VA will have to be created in such a way so that it can induce government and private sector to invest more for the development of the museum. However, government regulation has made entrance to the museum completely free of cost. Therefore, VA will have to impose prices for the exhibitions and other functions to increase the level of income of the museum. In fact, pricing strategy of VA museum also have to include the kind of charges the cafes and other shops are charging at the area of museum. Place: The prime two factors that management of VA museum will have to consider regarding the place of the museum are as follows: The marketing campaign of VA museum will have to highlight the transport convenience from Heathrow Airport for the foreign visitors. It also has to highlight availability of bus and tube to reach to the place of museum (Lewis 2015). Since, transport convenience will definitely help VA museum to enhance the popularity in recent future. Another factor that management of VA museum will have to consider at the time of implementing marketing campaign is highlighting excellent architecture of the museum. Since, it has the capability to induce people from all across the world to visit the museum. Promotion: Promotional techniques of VA museum are as follows: Management of VA can use newspapers, magazines for the utilization of the advertisement tool. Furthermore, it can also include radio so that people can able to understand kind of satisfaction they will receive by visiting the museum. Marketing campaign of VA museum also have to utilize leaflets, posters to encourage people to visit museum. Sales promotion and direct mail is another technique that management of VA museum can utilize to increase the popularity. Social media is another platform that has to be taken into consideration by the management of VA museum to improve the popularity. People: VA museums marketing plan also have to consider people who are related to the popularity of the museum. Therefore, management have to provide proper pay and benefit structure for the employees to ensure they give their best effort for the success of the marketing plan. Management also have to ensure that the culture of the museum remains at highest order so that visitors can able to enjoy to their fullest. Physical environment: Physical environment reflects the space that is surrounded to the visitors at the time of consuming service. Thus, management not only have to focus on the cleanliness or visuals inside the museum but also have to maintain proper atmosphere in the surrounding areas of the museum. Process: Management of VA museum also have to consider the process by which visitors will be allowed to view different sites of the museum. This is crucial, as it can have huge impact on the satisfaction level of the visitors. Thus, utilization of the proper process will allow VA museum to fulfil all its marketing objectives. Conclusion: From the above discussion, it can be assess that many factors can have huge impact on the effectiveness of the marketing campaign. Therefore, VA management have to extremely careful at the time selecting any marketing plan for the museum. Otherwise, the marketing plan of the VA museum might not able to fulfil all its objectives. Conversely, the above analysis highlighted the fact that if management of VA museum can able to utilize all the factors effectively, it will definitely induce people from all across the world to visit the Victoria and Albert museum. References: Black, G., 2015.Developing Museum Display for Informal Learning(Doctoral dissertation, Nottingham Trent University). Bryan, J., 2016. Making Them Laugh, Making Them Cry: Theatres Role in Challenging History.Challenging History in the Museum: International Perspectives, p.59. Calinao, D.J. and Lin, H.W., 2016. The cultural tourism potential of a fashion-related exhibitionthe case of Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty at the Victoria and Albert Museum.Journal of Heritage Tourism, pp.1-14. Camarero, C., Garrido, M.J. and San Jos, R., 2016. Efficiency of Web Communication Strategies: The Case of Art Museums.International Journal of Arts Management,18(2), p.42. Cerquetti, M., 2014. Local Art Museums and Visitors: Audience and Attendance Development--Theoretical Requirements and Empirical Evidence.Journal of Cultural Management and Policy (ISSN: 2224-2554),1(1), pp.20-27. Christensen, L.H., 2015. Tracking the Poster Movement: An Inquiry into British Modernism by Way of the British and Foreign Posters Exhibition, Victoria and Albert Museum, 1931.Journal of Design History, p.epv004. Farrelly, L. and Weddell, J. eds., 2016.Design Objects and the Museum. Bloomsbury Publishing. Graham, B., 2015. Open and Closed Systems: New Media Art in Museums and Galleries.The International Handbooks of Museum Studies. Grincheva, N., 2015. The World Beach ProjectGoing Viral: Measuring Online InfluenceCase Study of the Victoria and Albert Online Museum Project.Journal of Creative Communications,10(1), pp.39-55. Hogg, G., Liao, M.H. and O'Gorman, K., 2014. Reading between the lines: Multidimensional translation in tourism consumption.Tourism Management,42, pp.157-164. Hooper-Greenhill, E., 2013.Museums and their visitors. Routledge. Hughes, S.A., 2014. THE BRITISH MUSEUM IN.National Museums: New Studies from Around the World, p.193. James, E., 2013.The Victoria and Albert Museum: a bibliography and exhibition chronology, 1852-1996. Routledge. Lewis, P., 2015. Museums and marketing.Manual of Curatorship: A Guide to Museum Practice, p.148. McLean, F., 2012.Marketing the museum. Routledge. McNeil, P., 2014. The fashion phenomenon: Fashion in the gallery and museum.Art Monthly Australia, (275), p.28. Russo, A., 2012. tHe riSe oF tHe media muSeum.Heritage and Social Media: Understanding Heritage in a Participatory Culture, p.145. Shannon, L., 2016. Curating Emerging Art and Design at the Victoria and Albert Museum.New Collecting: Exhibiting and Audiences After New Media Art, p.171. Sheridan, A., 2014. United Kingdom: Archaeological Museums. InEncyclopedia of Global Archaeology(pp. 7463-7469). Springer New York. Thompson, J.M. ed., 2015.Manual of curatorship: a guide to museum practice. Routledge. Victoria and Albert Museum. (2016).VA The world's leading museum of art and design. [online] Available at: https://www.vam.ac.uk [Accessed 6 Aug. 2016]. vom Lehn, D. and Heath, C., 2016. Action at the exhibit face: video and the analysis of social interaction in museums and galleries.Journal of Marketing Management, pp.1-17. Wan, K., 2015. What Is Luxury? Victoria and Albert Museum, London April 25September 27, 2015.West 86th: A Journal of Decorative Arts, Design History, and Material Culture,22(2), pp.235-239. Wanhill, S., 2013. THE NATURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF VISITOR ATTRACTIONS. InHandbook of Tourism Economics: Analysis, New Applications and Case Studies(pp. 259-279). Wickham, M., Lehman, K. and French, L., 2015. COMMUNICATING MARKETING PRIORITIES IN THE NOT-FOR-PROFIT SECTOR: A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF AUSTRALIAN STATE-MUSEUMSANNUAL REPORTS.Corporate Ownership Control, p.318. Williamson, B., 2014. From hand scroll to iPad app: transforming helen Douglas The Pond at Deuchar.Book 2.0,4(1-2), pp.47-60. Zaniol, G., 2016. Brand Art Sensation From High Art to Luxury Branding?.Cultural Politics,12(1), pp.49-53.

The Trafalgar Company

The R Document essays

The R Document essays The book I chose to read was The R Document by Irving Wallace. It was filled with anticipation and kept you thinking the whole time. The main character is Christopher Collins and he is the new Attorney General. He is a very ambitious and honest man who fights with the director of the FBI over the proposed 35th Amendment to the Constitution. The 35th Amendment was controversial because there was a secret plot behind it all and it was meant for evil. Christopher spends the whole time trying to ratify this bill because of its evil. He succeeds in the end and shows to everyone how the government could expose such abuse of high power. In a small summary of the conspiracy in The R Document, they wanted to destroy the Bill of Rights in an attempt by the FBI to take over the country and end up controlling it. Collins begins to realize the evil in the government while laying on his deathbed and has to search for The R Document which shows the plan for the nations future. He had to hunt for this document while racing against time before the FBI took over. He finds out that the FBI was blackmailing and terrorizing a lot of important government leaders. The man behind it all was Vernon T. Tynan. He was the director of the FBI and the one that wanted to control the country. Tynan is finally defeated at the end of the book and gets what he deserves. This book would made a good movie because it shows how the government could abuse its power in the high positions. We all hope as citizens that this will never happen to a country like the United States. Sometimes it is scary to think because the conspiracy was surprising and intriguing. It makes you think if this could really happen to the government nowadays. ...

Evaluating Fashion and its Impact on Individuals Essay

Evaluating Fashion and its Impact on Individuals - Essay Example The essay "Evaluating Fashion and its Impact on Individuals" analyzes the influence of Evaluating Fashion on Individuals. Fashion has been used as the resource by individual for the purpose of construction of their identity and positioning themselves at a higher place in comparison to other. Fashion has an important role to play in articulation of ethnic identity in relation to the contemporary setting in routine life ethnic identity just like other types of social identity. It is not considered to be real and essential, but actually it is a multi faced phenomenon, which is different at varied places and time. An imperative factor, which is helpful in construction and articulation of ethic identities with the help of fashion, is cultural displacement. In relation to force, which is exerted for the purpose of relocation to different parts of world because of slavery, poverty, religious and political persecution, etc. have been very helpful in marking out a new space for cultural prefe rence in terms of fashion. Along with this, the advent of globalisation has also been a key factor, which has influenced the lives of young people. There has been a debate over the change in fashion patterns because of globalisation. Late modernity, which is a period representing the disjunction between the communities and securities of modernity and the realities of post-second world war has been highly influence by the trends of fashion industry. At the time of 1970s, the research undertaken by Dick Hebdige.

Casual Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Casual Analysis - Essay Example The problem of obesity especially in American South highly relates to the daily lifestyles of people both socially and economically. Hence, the study will focus on the causative analysis on the increase percentage of obesity problem among the American South. Poverty is one of the causative factors of obesity among people living in the American South states. Poverty has a great relationship with the likelihood of a person becoming obese. This is because the poor people mainly focus on eating cheap affordable food despite the food being of low nutritional value and high fat content (Trust for American Health Web). Moreover, most food spots in American South states sell high fat and processed foods. Since such types of food are cheaper as to healthy food budget, most poor families in the South prefer buying fatty foods. Notably, the daily unhealthy consumption of fatty foods increase the fat deposit in the body that may lead to obesity, Lack of exercise significantly contributes to the level of obesity among children and adults in the American South. Remarkably, the low economic standards, most families lead working extra time to meet the daily requirements in the family hence giving the breadwinner almost no time to spend in physical exercises. Moreover, the limited space and playground for children in some of the American South state may also be a contributing factor to lack of exercise among children and adult. Additionally, children from poor families are likely not to participate in organized sports because of lack of funds to cater for transport and expenses incurred during the sporting period. Thus, the unattractiveness of a playground, lack of space and strained budget may lead to lack of exercise among American South people contributing to obesity. Bad eating habits also contribute to the trend of obesity problems experienced in America. Today, people prefer consume sugar-sweetened beverages, food with high calorie density, and processed and fried foods t o healthy food (Trust for American Health Web). This is because most healthy foods are more expensive and less accessible in most food stalls. Therefore, studies indicate that most of American consumes twice the amount of calories daily than the body require. Thus, this poses a threat to getting health related diseases like obesity. Moreover, overeating is an eating disorder that may lead to obesity. For instance, eating too much of carbohydrates and fatty food pose a risk to a person developing obesity complications faster than a person who takes a balanced diet. Therefore, eating disorders may be a contributing factor to obesity trend in most American South states. Genetics is another causative factor that may lead to high rate of obesity problem in American South people. Research has indicated that obesity could be inherent in family because of the functionality of gene deposition. American Association for the Advancement of Science postulates that when two parents are obese, the child is six times likely to become obese and if one parent is obese, there is a double chance for the child to be obese (22). Moreover, most babies born with weight above ten pounds are twice likely to become overweight when growing up. Thus, such statistics could explain on the increased trend of highest obesity conditions in American South states. Since research indicated that more than 50% of the American S

Poetry Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Poetry - Coursework Example 2. On a Sunday evening, the cars that spent relaxation time in the countryside return to the city to bring their passengers back to work/school again. 3. Children play ragball on the streets on a Saturday afternoon. 4. Yes, the speaker is in the poem content. The speaker constantly refers to her/himself in the first person (i.e. I). S/he, for instance, â€Å"have done [the] laundry,† is â€Å"sitting by the window,† etc. Little Rich Boy 1. The little rich boy visits the speaker because he wants something from the speaker which his rich father can't give him. It was â€Å"something more solid, something more – substantial.† 2. The boy receives something to suck, chew, and blow out in balloons - a gum, perhaps. 3. The speaker gives the boy the twist. 4. The boy didn't want the twist at first because he thought it was a cane, belt, or whip – things associated with physical punishment. A shumba is a kind of growling monster. Other Questions 1. The autho r employed language in a way that makes the poem accessible and easy to follow. Most of the words used are simple and have direct, literal meanings. The poem flows seamlessly from one word to another and from one sentence to the next, because of the simple vocabulary used. As a result, literal interpretations are easily obtained after reading the entire poem.

French lieutenants woman

French lieutenants woman The French lieutenants woman The setting throughout the novel is predominantly Victorian. Most of the novels action takes place at Lyme Regis, Dorset and England. Lyme Regis was one of many small villages in southwest England scattered along the coast. It consisted largely of small houses surrounded by hills on one side and the sea on the other. The Cobb was built along the shore and it is a promenade where people could enjoy the sea air while taking a walk. A section of the hills, known as the Ware Commons, was a meeting ground for most young couples and where Charles and Sarah met each other clandestinely. Lymes community was close-knit and provincial. Unlike the larger metropolitan areas such as London, here people upheld the prevailing social norms. Unconventional behavior is seen as an aberration and often times a sign of mental illness. The repressive norms and the peoples insensitive attitude towards Sarah succeed in driving her to Exeter. In the nineteenth century, Exeter served the same purpose as London does today. Exeter was notorious for providing all sorts of wicked entertainment. Brothels, dance halls and gin palaces thrived there. It served as a haven for shamed girls and women, namely unmarried mothers and mistresses who were victims of sexual abuse or social rejects. Due to its scandalous reputation, many upstanding English kept their distance from such like these places. Social norms were virtually non-existent. For a brief moment the action shifts to London where Charles signs his statement of guilt. It is also here that Charles and Sarah meet, after a two-year separation, at the Rossetti residence. The action tends to move back and forth between the Victorian and the modern age as Fowles tends to make intrusive comments about the past and the present. He has deliberately recreated a Victorian world so that he can criticize those aspects of the Victorian era that would seem alien to a modern reader. It is interesting to note the different social conditions prevalent in these places and their effects on individuals. In this novel, Fowles is interested in the literary genre of the nineteenth-century romantic or gothic novel and succeeds in reproducing typical Victorian characters, situations and dialogue. But Fowles perception of the genre is touched with typical twentieth-century irony. His thematic concerns range from the relationship between life and art and the artist and his creation to the isolation that results from an individual struggling for selfhood. Fowles aim is to bring to light those aspects of Victorian society that would appear most foreign to contemporary readers. Victorian attitudes towards women, economics, science and philosophy are tackled as minor themes within the main plot. Both women and the working-class are two groups that are revealed as being oppressed both economically and socially in a society that inhibits mobility for anyone who is not middle or upper-class and male. These are the social issues that Fowles explores within the guise of a traditional romance. The general mood throughout the novel is somber and turbulent. From the initial chapter, the mood is set. A strong easterly wind is blowing and a storm is coming in. It is in such a setting that Charles and Sarah meet. The atmosphere suits Sarahs enigmatic personality. Throughout the novel, she is presented as a dark, mysterious and intriguing figure. The reader are unconsciously aware that the lovers, Charles and Sarah, are doomed from the beginning. In several sections, the mood changes to one of irony and realistic recording of details. Fowles tends to comment on several unknown aspects of the Victorian era (e.g. prostitution) in an ironically realistic manner. Until today, the Victorian Age was seen to be a Golden Age where Reason and Rationality were proclaimed as dogma and faith. People were beginning to question the claims that religion made about the existence of God and the beginning of man. Anything that could not be proven through experimentation and science was immediately treated with suspicion. With Charles Darwins The Origin of Species (1859) the biblical myth of Adam and Eve and the origins of man were shattered. Darwins work created quite an uproar as it succeeded it in shattering the Victorian peoples unquestioning religious faith. The narrator opens the The French Lieutenants Woman with background information on Lyme Regis, where the story is initially set. After that he introduces Charles Smithson, a thirty-two-year-old gentleman and his young fiancee, Ernestina Freeman. Charles Smithson is a male protagonist of the novel. He is a wealthy Victorian gentlemen and heir to a title. He is interested in Darwin and paleontology and considers himself to be intellectually superior to other Victorian men, as he is one of the few who holds scientifically advanced ideas. He is engaged to Ernestina Freeman but he is attracted to the mysterious Miss Woodruff. He is unhappy with the way his life is unfolding, yet he is extremely sensitive and intelligent. He is an insecure man constantly analyzing his life. Ernestina Freeman is Charles fiancà ©e. She is pretty, coy and intelligent, but at times she tends to reveal her youth and naivete. She likes to think of herself as a modern woman but her attitudes are similar to most of the young Victorian women who behaved in a proper manner. She is Aunt Tranters niece and she is vacationing in Lyme when the story begins. Aunt Tranter is Ernestinas mothers sister. She is a kind woman who is loved by her domestic staff because she treats people with respect. She offers to help Sarah when the rest of the town rejects her. Aunt Tranter is an honest woman and lacks hypocrisy of any sort. The action begins in 1867, but the narrator often breaks into the narrative, noting that the story is being related in the twentieth century. He does this initially by comparing the Cobb to a contemporary Henry Moore sculpture. The novel starts with Charles and Tinas walk, which is interrupted by the presence of a woman in a dark cape, standing alone at the end of the Cobb, staring out to sea. Tina explains to a curious Charles what she has heard about the woman, known as Tragedy and the French lieutenants woman, and her status as a social outcast. Rumors suggest that Sarah Woodruff was seduced and abandoned by a French naval officer who was shipwrecked off the coast. As she nursed him back to health, he reportedly made promises to her that he will return back to Lyme and marry her. Destitute and rejected by most of the Lyme Regis society, Sarah is taken in by the pious Mrs. Poulteney, who plans to save the young woman in order to assure her own status as a worthy Christian. Mrs. Poulteney is a a cruel old woman, who takes great delight in harassing her domestic staff. Her temperament is exactly opposite to that of Mrs. Tranters. She believes herself to be an upholder of Christian virtues yet in reality, she is a hypocrite who reluctantly helps people only out of a show of charity. Sarah in employed by her in the position of a companion. She succeeds in making Sarahs life miserable by constantly reminding her that she is an outcast. After that Charles has seen Sarah Woodruff at shores while he was walking with Ernestina, the next day, he, whose hobby is paleontology, walks through the Undercliff searching for fossils while Tina visits her Aunt Tranter. During his walk, Charles comes across Sarah sleeping in a clearing. She awakens with a start, and, after apologizing for disturbing her, Charles departs. In this moment he does not understand himself that why he was staring and watching at her. Those few seconds appeared for him for a long time, and he did not want to go away from that secret place. His departure was because of Sarahs awakening. In my opinion Charles was scared of himself, because he had a specific feeling when he was looking at Sarah. In this scene we can feel that something has changed in Charles or just start changing inside his soul. The narrator notes Charless growing obsession with the mysterious Sarah. After stopping at a farmhouse to refresh himself, Charles again sees Sarah on the path. She rejects his offer to escort her home and implores him to tell no one that she has been walking there, an activity that Mrs. Poulteney has forbidden her. The next day, during a visit to Mrs. Poulteneys, Sarah silently observes Charles and Aunt Tranters support of the relationship between Sam and Mary. Mary is the maid in Aunt Tranters house. She is a free-spirited, down-to-earth soul. Sam Farrow, Charles man-servant falls in love with her. He is not content with his present status and wants to climb the social ladder. He is ambitious and he is determined to secure his future with Mary even if he has to blackmail Charles. Charles assumes that he has made a connection with Sarah at the visiting, but the next time their paths cross on the Undercliff, she rebuffs his efforts to help her escape Mrs. Poulteneys control. When she insists that she cannot leave the area, Charles assumes that her feelings for the French lieutenant are the cause. After she admits that the lieutenant has married, her mystery deepens for Charles. Charless curiosity concerning Sarah causes him to think about the comparatively one-dimensional Tina and his own needs and desires. During another walk, Sarah finds him, presents him with two fossils, and begs him to hear her story. After determining that listening to Sarah would be a kind act and a useful study of human nature, Charles agrees to meet with her. Sarah admits that Lieutenant Varguennes proposed marriage and seduced her, even though she knew he was not an honorable man. The shame that she has embraced as a result has enabled her to separate herself from a society that would not accept her, due to her common birth. Her education had awakened her to the inequities of social class and gender, and thus her status as an outcast prevents her from having to conform to conventional roles. During their conversation, Sam and Mary appear, and Sarah and Charles hide themselves. As she watches Sam and Mary embrace, Sarah turns to Charles and smiles. Charles, noticeably disconcerted at Sarahs open expression of her interest in him, abruptly leaves. While I was reading this part of the novel, I did not understand that why Sarahs attitude has changed. At the beginning she rejected Charless help and did not want to talk to him. But everything has changed in this part. In my opinion it is because of Charles. Sarah observed him and realized that he is a real gentleman who has travelled a lot all over the Europe, he has seen several and different cultures, so he is not only a knowledgeable man, but also sensitive and smart. All these reasons lead to the Sarahs claim. She needs a person who can not only help her but also understand and feel with her. In this case we can say that Sarah is innocent woman, who needs help and a considerate person, but also we may think that she only wants to exploit Charles and organize her life with his help. Charles discovers that he is in danger of losing his inheritance and title, which causes tensions with Tina. He later asks his old friend Dr. Grogan to advise him about his relationship with Sarah, who has just been thrown out of Mrs. Poulteneys home for disobeying her orders. Dr. Grogan is an intelligent, friendly man who befriends Charles. The younger man finds him to be a sympathetic listener. Dr. Grogan empathizes with Sarah but finds her behavior too outrageous to be taken seriously. He is refreshingly unconventional in his views for a Victorian although he belongs more to an earlier age that was more liberal in many ways. Dr. Grogan rightly guesses that Sarah engineered this dismissal so that Charles would come to her rescue. Dr. Grogan sympathizes with her situation but believes that Sarah wants Charles constant attention. He diagnoses her condition as a mental illness called melancholia and wants to get her institutionalized. Charles, however, chooses not to follow Grogans advice to stay away from her and meets her the next day on the Undercliff. Charles breaks off an embrace and rushes off, but not before he stumbles upon Sam and Mary who have seen them together. The two servants promise not to tell anyone of the meeting. Meanwhile, Sarah has come to depend on Charles who is himself going through a change. He is beginning to question his ages conventions and questioning himself. He urges Sarah to leave Lyme and go to Exeter where she will have more freedom to live an unconventional life. Sarah takes his advice but Charles cannot forget her. At the same time, he feels guilty for even thinking about her. He does not love Ernestina and is marrying her solely for her wealth. He thinks their relationship is nothing more than a facade. The Victorian society imposed a great deal of repressive conventions and norms on its people, especially women and the working class. Victorian women were socially conditioned to believe that their rightful place was at home with their husbands and children. A Victorian woman was expected to accept the patriarchal norm unhesitatingly. Her duty was to her husband and children. Only if she toed this social line would she be deemed a proper young Victorian lady. The institution of marriage was often a contract agreement. Money often married into a titled family as in Charles and Ernestinas case, thereby reinforcing the dominant societys power. Money and nobility were often the main criteria for a Victorian marriage. The practice of prostitution was a topic that Victorian archivists rarely touched upon. Most historians up until recently thought that the Victorian age was known for its virtuous and pure qualities yet Fowles novel reveals that even during the Age of Propriety prostitution flourished and consequently women were often victims of sexual abuse or social rejects. By giving prostitutes a mention in his novel, Fowles is attempting to be realistic about their situation. He is obviously concerned about the role of women in Victorian England and societys treatment of them. As is apparent women of all classes right from the aristocracy to the prostitutes were exploited by society which was largely patriarchal and this practice continues even today. Fowles constantly interrupts the narrative by making authorial comments with a twentieth century perspective. The narrative action digresses back and forth from the Victorian Age to the twentieth century in time. Fowles is writing a novel set in the nineteenth-century romantic literary genre but with a twentieth century perspective. Charles finds the prospect of living a life as a dutiful husband and son-in-law unappealing. He wants to have a more meaningful life, unrestricted by traditions. After that Sarah has moved to Exeter, aided by money Charles has given her, Charles tries to direct his thoughts to his engagement with Tina, but feels as if he is being trapped by her father who wants him to become his business partner. He is tempted to go to Sarah in Exeter but instead returns to Tina. The narrator provides the first of three endings here. Charles and Tina marry, along with Sam and Mary, and both couples prosper in a contrived Victorian conclusion. Immediately, however, the narrator insists that this ending is only what has taken place in Charless imagination. Charles does in fact go to Exeter to see Sarah, who seduces him. Charles discovers that she had not been intimate with the French lieutenant. After returning to his hotel, he writes to Sarah of his plans to marry her, but Sam intercepts the letter. After breaking off his engagement with Tina the next day, Charles returns to Exeter but finds that Sarah has disappeared. Charles hires private investigators to find Sarah and departs for America. While he was touring America, he receives word that Sarah has been found. He hurries back to England and finds Sarah living with the Rossettis. She has changed drastically, and Charles finds this difficult to accept. Sarah greets Charles at Gabriel Rosettis home and explains that she has been working as the painters model and secretary. Charles is shocked at how easily Sarah has fit into the scandalous Pre-Raphaelite group. After Sarah insists that she will never marry and Charles prepares to leave. When Sarah introduces him to their daughter, Lalage, however, the three embrace, suggesting that they will become a true family. It is a conventional ending, which ends happily, but there is another one ending, which is unconventional. The narrator then reappears, sets his watch back fifteen minutes, and provides the last conclusion to the story. Sarah reasserts her decision not to marry but suggests the two might remain friends and lovers. Charles rejects her offer and leaves, devastated and alone. The first element that must fade into the background is Charless love for Sarah, which has become quite evident by his actions in the novel and by the narrators statement in the first ending, Behind all his rage stood the knowledge that he loved her still. When, however, in the contemporary ending, Charles recognizes the reality of the arrangement Sarah offers him, he chooses his freedom and dignity over his love for her, recognizing that if he stayed, he would become the secret butt of this corrupt house, the starched soupirant, the pet donkey. As a result, he feels his own true superiority to her which was . . . an ability to give that was also an inability to compromise. She could give only to possess; and to possess him. Although his decision to leave tosses him metaphorically out upon the unplumbd, salt, estranging sea, his experience has enabled him to discover a firm trust in his own character and abilities. Sarahs love for Charles, another element of the first ending, is not quite as evident in the text. Sarah admits, in her own words, that she is not to be understood, a valid statement since neither Charles nor the reader is privy to her thoughts. Yet while the motivations for her behavior remain enigmatic, she ultimately cannot deny her feelings. When Charles entreats her to admit that she never had loved him, she replies, I could not say that. The reality of Sarahs love for Charles can be plausibly neglected in the second ending when Sarah realizes her wish that she had earlier expressed to Charles. She explains, I do not want to share my life. I wish to be what I am, not what a husband, however kind, however indulgent, must expect me to become in marriage. Thus Sarah gains her freedom, but her final reaction to this condition is unclear; from the narrators ironic vantage point, Sarah is too far away for him to see whether or not there are tears in her eyes. I believe that in every women there is a power, which they can use it in two ways: in a right way and in a wrong way. Not all women can discover it inside their souls, it needs capacity and ability. In a conventional ending, I think Sarah used it in a right way because everything ended happily. In the unconventional ending Sarah in my opinion used it in a wrong way because she trapped Charles and exploit him and ruined his life. If she had wanted to be with him, she would not have gone away from Exeter. I think she could wait for him and everything would be all right, but she did not do that. It explains everything: her behavior, her thoughts and her uttered words. There are women, who uses their power to do good things, to change our world and make it better. By coming together to support each others goals and dreams, women not only enhance their own lives, they empower others. The true Power of Women is that we have within us the power to change the world.

Self-Efficacy Beliefs and Career Development :: Career Development Papers

Self-Efficacy Beliefs and Career Development Strategic interventions are required to keep young people who are disadvantaged because of poverty, cultural obstacles, or linguistic barriers from dropping out of school. Recent studies showing a relationship between a student's belief structure and behavior suggest that self-efficacy beliefs may be an important focus for intervention. This ERIC Digest discusses ways in which self-efficacy beliefs are influenced by various internal, external, and interactive factors and reflected in career-related outcome expectations and performance. It examines ways of channeling self-efficacy beliefs toward positive outcomes that lead to the development and expansion of career goals and expectations. It presents strategies for enhancing the self-efficacy and career development of students that draw upon contextual, problem-based, and community-based learning practices and promotes self-monitoring and self-assessment. Beliefs and Perceptions According to Bandura (1977), self-efficacy is mediated by a person's beliefs or expectations about his/her capacity to accomplish certain tasks successfully or demonstrate certain behaviors (Hackett and Betz 1981). Bandura postulates that these expectations determine whether or not a certain behavior or performance will be attempted, the amount of effort the individual will contribute to the behavior, and how long the behavior will be sustained when obstacles are encountered (ibid.). Self-efficacy expectations, when viewed in relation to careers, refer to a person's beliefs regarding "career-related behaviors, educational and occupational choice, and performance and persistence in the implementation of those choices" (Betz and Hackett 1997, p. 383). They are reflected in an individual's perception about his/her ability to perform a given task or behavior (efficacy expectation) and his/her belief about the consequences of behavior or performance (outcome expectation)(Hackett and Betz 1981). The Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) developed by Lent, Hackett, and Brown (1996) draws upon Bandura's self-efficacy theory. It offers a framework for career development, explaining the interplay between educational and vocational interests, career-related choices, and performance. SCCT highlights the relationship among social cognitive variables (e.g., self-efficacy) and their relationship with other variables in the individual's socio-contextual environment, such as gender, race/culture, family, community, and political components (ibid.). Chen (1997) contends that this integration of self and social context offers an opportunity for individuals to gain a sense of control over their career development and increase their career-related self-efficacy expectations. Self-Efficacy and Learning When individuals have low self-efficacy expectations regarding their behavior, they limit the extent to which they participate in an endeavor and are more apt to give up at the first sign of difficulty.

Diabetes as Disorder

DESCRIPTIONDiabetes pertains to a metabolic disorder that is associated with the lack or absence of insulin, a protein that transports glucose into the cells of the body.   Glucose, also simply known as sugars, is considered as the first source of energy for the daily activities performed by the human body, such as walking and standing.In addition, glucose also serves as the main resource for the energy that is required to fuel cellular processes within the body, including that of growth and repair of cells and tissues.   The food items consumed by an individual generally contain glucose and thus the presence of insulin is important for the transport of this macromolecule to the appropriate regions of the body.Insulin is mainly produced by the pancreas, which is a digestive organ that is strategically located next to the small intestines, where digestion commonly occurs.   Once the process of digestion has been completed in the intestines, the glucose molecules transported into cells through the help of insulin.   In normal individuals, the amount of insulin produced by the pancreas is enough to transport the glucose that is present in the meal consumed.On the other hand, individuals with diabetes show a lack or absence of insulin secreted by the pancreas, thus preventing the transport of the glucose molecules into the cells.   Glucose is therefore left outside the cells and these remain circulating in the blood.   The continuous accumulation of glucose further extends from the blood to the urine, which in turn are samples employed for the diagnostics of diabetes.CAUSES OF DIABETESDiabetes is generally caused by a number of factors, depending on the type of diabetes that has been positively diagnosed in an individual.   Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), pertains to an autoimmune condition that involves the incapacity of the body to combat infections (NIH, 2010a).In this case, the immune system of an indivi dual causes the destruction of the cells of the pancreas, thus decreasing and possibly preventing the production of insulin for glucose transport.   The actual mechanism that triggers the destruction of the pancreatic cells by the immune system is still unknown and there are active efforts in the field of biomedical research that are attempting to elucidate this reaction.Type 2 diabetes, also known as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), pertains to an increase in the level of glucose in the body due to aging, obesity or genetic inheritance of the condition (NIH, 2010b).   Type 2 diabetes is therefore more commonly observed among elderly individuals, as their metabolic rate generally slows down as they age.   Obese individuals tend to develop diabetes because their food choices are often different from the recommended daily diet, thus increasing the likelihood that sugar-rich foods would be consumed on a regular basis.Gestational diabetes pertains to the increase i n the blood glucose level of a female during pregnancy.   This occurrence is usually linked to the gain in the total body weight of a woman during pregnancy, as well as the decrease in the physical activity of the woman as she progresses through the entire gestational period of 36 weeks or 9 months.   Unlike types 1 and 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes often disappears once the woman has given birth.   The disappearance of the features of diabetes are possibly linked to the loss in the total body weight after birth, as well as the increase in the physical activity of the woman after delivery.EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DIABETESType 1 diabetes generally affects both males and females, yet there are certain characteristics that strongly associated with this metabolic disease.   According to the World Health Organization, type 1 diabetes is more common among whites and is considered as a rare disease among non-white populations of Africa and Asia.   Type 2 diabetes, on the other hand, is commonly diagnosed in elderly individuals.Moreover, elderly individuals who are overweight are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes because these individuals tend to be less active in physical activities.   Certain populations are thus associated with type 2 diabetes, including those of African and Asian ethnicities.   In the United States alone, there are 24 million individuals with the age of 20 years old and above that have been diagnosed with diabetes (NIDDK, 2007).   On the other hand, there are 12 million elderly individuals who have been diagnosed with diabetes in the United States.TREATMENT OF DIABETESType 1 diabetes is generally treated with the administration of insulin on a daily basis.   Patient are therefore taught how to inject insulin everyday, in order to maintain a normal level of insulin in their blood.   Type 2 diabetes is usually treated with medications that assist in the digestion of glucose from the food items consumed.   This medication is give n on a daily basis using a tablet or capsule format.   In addition to medications, a healthy diet is highly recommended to diabetic patients.   This includes food items that are low in sugar content, such as green, leafy vegetables and fiber-rich fruits and grains.Exercise is also recommended for diabetic patients, as this assists in increasing the metabolic rate of the body.   Diabetic patients are also educated on the condition of hypoglycemia, which is the extreme lowering of the blood glucose level of the body, resulting in fainting and a decrease in the arterial blood pressure.   A dietician therefore plays an important role in the design of the dietary regimen of diabetic patients.   A regular check-up should also be performed every 3 to 6 months, wherein the fasting blood sugar levels are determined, in order to evaluate the progress of the patient with the current dietary regimen.REFERENCESNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.   (2007) .   National Diabetes Statistics, 2007.   Downloaded from http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics/DM_Statistics.pdf on July 8, 2010.National Institutes of Health.   (2010a).   Type 1 diabetes: Thirty years of progress.   Downloaded from http://www.nih.gov/about/researchresultsforthepublic/Type1Diabetes.pdf on July 8, 2010.National Institutes of Health.   (2010b).   Type 2 diabetes: Thirty years of progress.   Downloaded from http://www.nih.gov/about/researchresultsforthepublic/Type2Diabetes.pdf on July 8, 2010.

Software Licensing Essays - Law, Computing, Free Essays, Term Papers

Software Licensing Essays - Law, Computing, Free Essays, Term Papers Software Licensing In 1993 worldwide illegal copying of domestic and international software cost $12.5 billion to the software industry, with a loss of $2.2 billion in the United States alone. Estimates show that over 40 percent of U.S. software company revenues are generated overseas, yet nearly 85 percent of the software industry's piracy losses occurred outside of the United States borders. The Software Publishers Association indicated that approximately 35 percent of the business software in the United States was obtained illegally, which 30 percent of the piracy occurs in corporate settings. In a corporate setting or business, every computer must have its own set of original software and the appropriate number of manuals. It is illegal for a corporation or business to purchase a single set of original software and then load that software onto more than one computer, or lend, copy or distribute software for any reason without the prior written consent of the software manufacturer. Many software managers are concerned with the legal compliance, along with asset management and costs at their organizations. Many firms involve their legal departments and human resources in regards to software distribution and licensing. Information can qualify to be property in two ways; patent law and copyright laws which are creations of federal statutes, pursuant to Constitutional grant of legislative authority. In order for the government to prosecute the unauthorized copying of computerized information as theft, it must first rely on other theories of information-as-property. Trade secret laws are created by state law, and most jurisdictions have laws that criminalize the violations of a trade-secret holder=s rights in the secret. The definition of a trade secret varies somewhat from state to state, but commonly have the same elements. For example, AThe information must be secret, Anot of public knowledge or of general knowledge in the trade or business, a court will allow a trade secret to be used by someone who discovered or developed the trade secret independently or if the holder does not take adequate precautions to protect the secret. In 1964 the United States Copyright Office began to register software as a form of literary expression. The office based its decision on White-Smith Music Co. v. Apollo , where the Supreme Court determined that a piano roll used in a player piano did not infringe upon copyrighted music because the roll was part of a mechanical device. Since a computer program is textual, like a book, yet also mechanical, like the piano roll in White-Smith, the Copyright Office granted copyright protection under the rule of doubt. In 1974, Congress created the Natural Commission on New Technological Uses (CONTU) to investigate whether the evolving computer technology field outpaced the existing copyright laws and also to determine the extent of copyright protection for computer programs. CONTU concluded that while copyright protection should extend beyond the literal source code of a computer program, evolving case law should determine the extent of protection. The commission also felt copyright was the best alternative among existing intellectual property protective mechanisms, and CONTU rejected trade secret and patents as viable protective mechanisms. The CONTU report resulted in the 1980 Computer Software Act, and the report acts as informal legislative history to aid the courts in interpreting the Act. In 1980 The Copyright Act was amended to explicitly include computer programs. Title 17 to the United States Code states that it is illegal to make or to distribute copies of copyrighted material without authorization, except for the user=s right to make a single backup copy for archival purposes. Any written material (including computer programs) fixed in a tangible form (written somewhere i.e. printout) is considered copyrighted without any additional action on the part of the author. Therefore, it is not necessary that a copy of the software program be deposited with the Copyright Office in Washington, D.C. for the program to be protected as copyrighted. With that in mind then a copyright is a property right only. In order to prevent anyone from selling your software programs, you must ask a court (federal) to stop that person by an injunction and to give you damages for the injury they have done to you by selling the program. The Software Rental Amendments

Free Essays on Symbolic Interactionism

Throughout Ray & Simons study a clear symbolic interactionst perspective arises as the focus on the individual account of events are examined. These are looked at not only within the microcosmic world, but also the larger macrocosmic order and how it is implicit in the process of self-labeling. Of particular interest was the vocabulary employed by the participants in defining their motives. Interviews were conducted with twenty-four individuals of differing backgrounds all deriving from largely rural communities in mid west United States, and all of whom share a homicide or manslaughter conviction. Six of the participants gave reasons that they felt justified their behavior while the vast majority, 18 out of the 24 gave accounts that they felt partially excused their violent action, such as intoxication and ‘sad stories’. Ray & Simons argue the individuals who cited self defense as a cause for their violent behavior are clearly demonstrating a commitment to conventio nal behavior rather than the norms of a violent subculture. By employing this language, they have imagined themselves in other social roles, which therefore are dependant on the actor’s capacity for internal conversation. These internal conversations are an important part of the self-labeling process, not only for those individuals who claimed self-defence but also the remaining participants who felt they could not be held fully responsible due to substance abuse or emotional issues. If the actor can imagine that others would excuse or deem they’re behavior less criminal in certain circumstances, then through a process of internal conversation and by taking on the role of others, a rationalization is reached. This is clearly a symbolic interactionist perspective as the vocabulary adopted for motive is consistent with the social meaning, which derives from a constant process of symbolic communication between actors. Therefore, the actors self per... Free Essays on Symbolic Interactionism Free Essays on Symbolic Interactionism Throughout Ray & Simons study a clear symbolic interactionst perspective arises as the focus on the individual account of events are examined. These are looked at not only within the microcosmic world, but also the larger macrocosmic order and how it is implicit in the process of self-labeling. Of particular interest was the vocabulary employed by the participants in defining their motives. Interviews were conducted with twenty-four individuals of differing backgrounds all deriving from largely rural communities in mid west United States, and all of whom share a homicide or manslaughter conviction. Six of the participants gave reasons that they felt justified their behavior while the vast majority, 18 out of the 24 gave accounts that they felt partially excused their violent action, such as intoxication and ‘sad stories’. Ray & Simons argue the individuals who cited self defense as a cause for their violent behavior are clearly demonstrating a commitment to conventio nal behavior rather than the norms of a violent subculture. By employing this language, they have imagined themselves in other social roles, which therefore are dependant on the actor’s capacity for internal conversation. These internal conversations are an important part of the self-labeling process, not only for those individuals who claimed self-defence but also the remaining participants who felt they could not be held fully responsible due to substance abuse or emotional issues. If the actor can imagine that others would excuse or deem they’re behavior less criminal in certain circumstances, then through a process of internal conversation and by taking on the role of others, a rationalization is reached. This is clearly a symbolic interactionist perspective as the vocabulary adopted for motive is consistent with the social meaning, which derives from a constant process of symbolic communication between actors. Therefore, the actors self per...

Implementation plan for an after-school exercise program Essay

Implementation plan for an after-school exercise program - Essay Example The classes will be based on how to eat healthier foods, undertake physical activity, and behavioral classes. The program will be undertaken after the students are done with their studies. The process of undertaking the exercise will be through exercise, especially group activities. The table below illustrates the programs schedule on how the program will be addressed. The program will be carried out at one of the Monroe County Community Corporation elementary schools’ gym for approximately 1 hour and 10 minutes. That is from 4:00 pm to 5:10 pm, and the program will be carried out only on Mondays. Plyometrics require a person to do complete warm-up through skipping, lunging, high knee matching. All plyometric exercises should be undertaken at a fast pace. During this time, one should minimize constant with the ground for the least amount of time possible. This is aimed at stretching the muscles for least amount of time, and hence allowing them to store energy. Power hops: The hands are placed behind the head, squat, and then perform double leg hops. After landing, one should dip into a squat position, and repeat the entire process. This is done while one is in a single place (Waehner, 2013). Horizontal jumps: this involves double leg hops to a horizontal direction. One should jump as far forward that allows one to keep leaping without losing any balance. One should start short in the program and increase the distance after realizing developments. Fartlekking: this involves the use of a high school or college track. It involves starting at the middle of one of the straightway, and jogging to the middle of the first run. One then sprints though the rest of the turn before jogging back to the middle of the straightway. At this point, the exercises that one undertakes comprise of 10 pushups, 10 jumping jacks, 10 star jumps, and 10 sit-ups, all of which rotate through. After the exercise is performed, one then continues to the next straightway and

Understanding Mental Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Understanding Mental Health - Essay Example The term mental health refers to a state of complete cognitive, psychological, emotional and social well-being of a person. Or in other words, it may also be termed as the absence of any mental disorder or disease. This paper aims at analyzing the case study of Peter, a man who is chronically suffering from addiction to alcohol and drugs. The World Health Organization however advocates that mental health is â€Å"not merely the absence of disease or infirmity† (WHO, 2001, p.1). It offers a much more comprehensive definition of the term by stating that mental health is â€Å"a state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community". WHO stresses that mental health "is not just the absence of mental disorder† (WHO, 2001, p.1) The Med lexicon’s Medical Dictionary (2010) defines mental health as â€Å"emotional, behavioral, and social maturity or normality; the absence of a mental or behavioral disorder; a state of psychological well-being in which one has achieved a satisfactory integration of ones instinctual drives acceptable to both oneself and ones social milieu; an appropriate balance of love, work, and leisure pursuits† (Neer aja & Anuradha, 2014, p. 87) . Hence, the three basic ideas that can be inferred from the two definitions about mental health are: firstly, that mental health is an essential part of human health; secondly, that mental health is a wide concept and cannot be defined as merely the absence of disease; and thirdly, that mental health is intricately connected to physical health and behavior. (Herrman, Saxena & Moodie, 2005) Though Peter was not suffering from any obvious physical disease or disorder, his addiction to alcohol and drugs had severely affected his

Is global climate change man-made Research Paper

Is global climate change man-made - Research Paper Example As such the human activities on the environment have direct and indirect impact on climate change. The aerosols and greenhouse gases lead to change due to the alteration of the solar radiation and the infrared radiation, which form a significant component of the energy balance of the earth (IPCC 34). Climate change, from its very roots, is a human driven trend. It began back in the 1750 when the industrial era began. Industrial revolution was an age that saw factories emit substantial amount of gases to the atmosphere thereby resulting to the change (Sondergard 23). The revolution came with a warming influence that substantially changed the climate. The impact of the human activities during this exceeded the known natural changes such as volcanic eruptions and solar changes. Climate scientists agree that the trends in the global climate change are mainly caused by the activity of man on the land (IPCC 56). The human beings constantly expand the green house effect and the trend has been so for a very long time in history. The warming happens when the atmosphere traps heat that radiates from the atmosphere. Climate change happens when some gases in the atmosphere block heat from the earth from escaping. These gases are emitted mainly as a result of the human activity on the surface of the earth. One of these major gases is the carbon (IV) oxide. According to NAS (34), the human activities that emit such gases are potential producers of climate change. When gases remain in the atmosphere for a long time, they fail to respond to the changes in temperature whether physical or chemical and force the climate change to occur. There are those gases that are the potential producers of global warming. One of those gases is water vapor. This is the most abundant greenhouse gas, but it also plays the significant role of being feedback to the changes in climate. As explains Sondergard (102), as the atmosphere warms, the

Theory Nike Essay Example for Free

Theory Nike Essay Moreover , decentralization is a matter of degree, since all organizations are decentralized to some extent out of necessity. At one extreme, a strongly decentralized organization is one in which even the lowest-level managers and employees are empowered to make decisions. At the other extreme, in a strongly decentralized organization, lower-level managers have little freedom to make decisions. On the other hand, in a centralized organization, the decisions are made by top executives or on the basis of pre-set policies. These decisions or policies are then enforced through several tiers of the organization after gradually broadening the span of control until it reaches the bottom tier. Centralization is said to be a process where the concentration of decision making is in a few hands. All the important decision and actions at the lower level, all subjects and actions at the lower level are subject to the approval of top management. According to John R. Schermerhorn(2002) , â€Å"Centralization† is the systematic and consistent reservation of authority at central points in the organization. The difference between a centralized and a decentralized system of organization is that in a centralized structure all the decision making and authority are focused on the top tier of management. These few people are the ones that dictate company policy and make all the crucial decisions. A decentralized system, on the other hand, delegates authority throughout the organization and to all levels of management. Advantages of centralization include an organization’s ability to be able to keep a tight grip on all aspects of the business.